Impact of Inverter-Based Resources on Negative Sequence Quantities-Based Protection Elements

Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), including Wind turbine generators (WTGs), exhibit substantially different negative-sequence fault current characteristics compared to synchronous (SGs). These differences may cause misoperation of customary negative-sequence-based protective elements set under the assumption a conventional SG dominated power system. The amplitude WTG is smaller than that an SG. This lead overcurrent 50Q/51Q. Moreover, angular relation and voltage WTGs, which result in directional element 67Q. paper first studies key between WTGs by comparing their equivalent impedances with SG's. Then, simulation case are presented showing 50Q 67Q due wind generation corresponding impact on communication-assisted protection identification scheme (FID). also experimentally validated hardware-in-the-loop real-time up using physical relay. Finally, various factors such as type (Type-III/Type-IV) Type-IV control (coupled/decoupled sequence) determine features need be considered practical studies. objective show potential issues, identify cause, propose solutions.